A must to know about forest Regeneration (Full details)

FOREST REGENERATION
Forest regeneration is the process by which a forest is renewed. Premoral tropical forests are regenerated by a new trees spring is up whenever light and other site factors are favourable under the parent stand.
The forest as a natural resources has the remarkable feature of being renewable. Consequently one of the basic objectives in forestry is sustained economic utilization of forest resources or the judicious reaping of the existing crop and its replacement with a new one. It is a well known fact that the luxceriant rain forest with its great variety of species and coverage of an immense aggregate area is currently exploited for only a few valuable spp.
 With the increase in the global demand for wood raw material and the trend is expected to continue for decades to come as a result of rapid progress in industrialization, increasing literacy and expanding world property as well as rising standard of living – all of which lead to an adulterated consumption of wood products. To meet these requirements, attempts should be made to increase the productivity of both natural scatter land forests especially in highly produce areas. The choice of appropriate regeneration system is based on accurate assessment of the quality, distribution and living conditions of seedlings of desirable spp in the area to be harvested.
The methods considered suitable in various parts of the tropics for ensuring the regeneration of monthly desirable species can be grouped into three:
Natural regeneration which is obtained from seedlings originating either from natural seedling or from sprouts and other vegetative means.
Artificial regeneration obtained by total replacement of the old stand through planting young trees or applying seed which is often termed direct sowing.
Enrichment planting accomplished by planting trees in poetically opened forests where  the seedlings present are of unsatisfying species or if of desirable species are either insufficient in number or ill distributed over the regeneration area.
NATURAL REGENERATION
This is the only natural method and it is applicable in forests where there is either an already adequate seedling property of the desirable species all over the regeneration area or it is easy to induce it. This  methods involve operations aimed at:
 1. Encouraging self sown seeds to germinate and the resulting seedlings as well as all pre -existing young trees of the desirable species to develop through removal of their competitors.
2. Replace exploited forest with strands of higher economical value without markedly altering the characteristics structure of the forest.
 The success of this method depends on:

 Availability of ecological conditions which guarantees seed availability, seed germination and establishment of satisfactory  density and distribution of regeneration or before and after forest exploitation.
The method of natural regeneration currently adopted in the tropical regions and broadly classified as following :
Section system
       (  Shelter wood system
       (  Malaysian uniform system
Seed true cutting method

ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL FOREST REGENERATION
• The initial costs of establishing a forest stand may be lower especially if site preparation is not necessary.
 • Less heavy equipment and labor is required.
• The seedling has a naturally shaped root system unlike seedlings which have been grown in a nursery.
 • Chance of tip moth damage is reduced (Beaufait and others 1984).
• For aesthetic reasons, the landowner may prefer to see a forest stand which is unevenly and naturally spaced versus a stand which is in rows.

DISADVANTAGES OF NATURAL FOREST REGENERATION
• A seed crop must be available and seed dispersal must be timed correctly with site preparation so that a suitable seedbed is available for the seed germination.
• Moisture in the soil is necessary for the seeds to germinate; exceptionally dry years or sites may result in poor germination or seedling mortality.
• Insects and other small seed-eating animals may consume all or most of the seed.
 • Competing vegetation may be a problem for survival and growth for a longer time period than with planting because seedlings are smaller or seed may not be disseminated in the first year.
• If the seed is abundant and a dense stand results, a pre-commercial thinning may be necessary to decrease the number of trees per acre. For example, if there are more than 2000 slash pine seedlings at age three, growth may be inhibited and the site will require pre-commercial thinning.
 ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION
The renewal of a forest crop by sowing, planting or other artificial methods. It also refers to the crops so obtained. It is also called plantation in another terms, which is defined as a forest crop raised artificially either by sowing or planting. A term wilding which is defined as a natural seedling used in forest planting.
        IMPORTANCE OF ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION
1.It is the supplement of natural regeneration
2.It restocks forest destroyed by fire and other biotic factors
3.It helps in changing the composition of the forest crop, mostly valuable species are introduced
4.It introduces exotic  species
5.It is important for land which are at risk of erosion and landslide.


    TAUNGYA SYSTEM
Taungya is a Burmise word which literally means hill cultivative and this is because “Taungya” means hill, while “ya” means cultivation. However, modern concept of Tuangya system is defined as a plantation establishment technique in which forest crops are missed in combination with temporary cultivation of arable crops. In most places where it was introduced, its earliest initiation was to met within forest reserves surrounding farmers; demand for arable land areas where land elsewhere was scarce. The farmer in turn provides the forester with a cheap means of establishing tree crops, by clearing the site and assisting with tending of the trees crop in its initial stages. Effective operation at taungya this requires the presence of certain basic socio-economic conditions. These must be kind hunger, the soil must be suitable and stable for agriculture, a nearly community must be reasonably industrious and under-employed, local farmers rarely on bush fallow system to maintain soil fertility and these must be adequate kind for the scheme within comfortable distance from the farming village. Land hunger and suitability of the soil for agriculture are apparently the most important factors for agriculture. Other socio-economics factors to be considered for the success of taungya system includes: Adequate forest land for the scheme Provision of socio-amenities Accessibility Mutual confidence Species Agricultural crops chosen should not be those whose nutrient requirement exhausts the soil rapidly, but those that will even replenish the soil.
PROCEDURE FOR TAUNGYA SYSTEM
Provided the local forming population has some idea o the taungya system i.e. that such concept exist and can be applied in their own situation.
The initiative to participate in taungya farming should always come from the farmers themselves.
 It has been considered essential to have formal but a firm agreement with the farmers from the onset. The details of such agreement varied from place to place but alsmot invariably clarified the following points:
(1)Cultivators must obey normal forest laws and regulation
 (2)Areas and periods of cultivation are specialized there in
(3)Who does the necessary complete felling, burning and cultivation, the demarcation are provision of pegs, the periodic weeding, the planting and the provision of the planting stocks etc are all specified.
(4)Rules concerning the following are laid down in the agreement.
a) Rent/security or deposits paid by the cultivators
b) Any free labour or paid labour given to the farmers
 c) Payments of rewards (if any) to cultivators in form of incentives.
 d) Nature of the plantation on vacation i.e. at the end of the agreement.
 e) List of crops that can be grown by the farmers.
TENDING OPERATIONS IN TAUNGYA
FIRST WEEDING
Farmers are expected to carry out thorough cleaning are hoeing for a radius of 0cm around each plant where food crops are interfering, this should be removed climbers pegging was done to avoid this.
 SECOND WEEDING
 All Musanga must be uprooted plus all the operations in above. If cassava is present and spreading widely it will be trimmed. In general, the forestry plants should be given maximum light.
 FIRST CLEANING
 This is done to free crops from climbers are cut out widely growth to ankle height. In thorny operation, a complete climber cutting is done first followed by assessment to discovered gaps.
ADVANTAGES OF TAUNGYA SYSTEM
(1)Very cheap means of clearing and forest operations
 (2)Provide maximum light and therefore suitable if light demands.
 (3)It gives excellent silvicultural treatment e.g. site preparation clearing etc.
 (4)Encourages multiple use of land especially whose forest crops are raised side by side with agricultural crops.
(5)It leads to an increase in the yearly hectare of plantation
(6)Contribute significantly to the production of the more needed for the nation
 DISADVANTAGES OF TAUNGYA
1) Total removal of destruction of all existing vegetation cover is essential and this make the venture unattractive except for the very needy.
 2) Wide escapement to accommodate the farmers lend to poor form owing to delay in self pruning. 3) In pure form like in all pure plantation, taungya crops are highly susceptible to insect and highly epidemic.
4) It has limited application, since it requires some socio-economic factors, coupled with some silvicultural characteristics for its success.
 5) Taungya always bring about socio problems especially where there is no more land to practice it.
6) A lot of illegal farming occurred especially when the available space for taungya farming has been exhausted.
7) Prepare indiscriminate set fire on plantation so that they conlid reform the land.
ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION
The renewal of a forest crop by sowing, planting or other artificial methods. It also refers to the crops so obtained. It is also called plantation in another terms, which is defined as a forest crop raised artificially either by sowing or planting. A term wilding which is defined as a natural seedling used in forest planting.
        IMPORTANCE OF ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION
6.It is the supplement of natural regeneration
7.It restocks forest destroyed by fire and other biotic factors
8.It helps in changing the composition of the forest crop, mostly valuable species are introduced
9.It introduces exotic  species
10.It is important for land which are at risk of erosion and landslides
11.It helps improve the genotype or phenotype of species
12.It meets the needs of forest product of forest dependant
13.It is mostly more resistance to insect pest and diseases.